WO2006055972A2 - Trust-linked debit card technology - Google Patents
Trust-linked debit card technology Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2006055972A2 WO2006055972A2 PCT/US2005/042566 US2005042566W WO2006055972A2 WO 2006055972 A2 WO2006055972 A2 WO 2006055972A2 US 2005042566 W US2005042566 W US 2005042566W WO 2006055972 A2 WO2006055972 A2 WO 2006055972A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- trust
- account
- bank
- card
- user
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
- G06Q20/08—Payment architectures
- G06Q20/10—Payment architectures specially adapted for electronic funds transfer [EFT] systems; specially adapted for home banking systems
Definitions
- Debit card availability has put a powerful payment tool in the hands of consumer and business Cardholders.
- Debit card programs provide Cardholders with convenient, secure access to their funds at automatic teller machines ("ATMs") and direct merchant purchases. Faster and more convenient than checks, and safer than carrying large amounts of cash, debit card usage continues to experience the most rapid growth of all card products around the world.
- ATMs automatic teller machines
- a debit card is an electronic method of seamlessly debiting the card holder's bank account for ATM cash withdrawals as well as for merchant purchases.
- a debit card is used to make a purchase or to withdraw cash from a checking account, the amount is automatically posted as a debit to the bank account of the cardholder thus eliminating the inconvenience of check writing and the high cost of clearing and settling check transactions for the bank.
- debit cards offer a convenient and attractive service to the consumer, debit card linked bank accounts rarely pay any interest to the card holder on account balances.
- Banks invest depositors' money through loans at rates high enough to cover the lender's cost of funds and operating expenses, plus yield a profit margin for the bank. Even though banks earn a very attractive rate of return on the use of customer deposits, rarely are such profits passed on to the bank's customers; when they are, it is normally in the form of extremely low "teaser" interest rates that have no correlation with the degree and extent of the profits generated by the banks on their customers' assets.
- a bank receives deposits of $100 and lends out $90 which the borrower then deposits in the bank.
- This $90 deposit qualifies as a new deposit that can be lent by the bank after deduction of a 10% ($9) reserve set aside.
- the bank often receives $81 in a new deposit which the bank can further lend into the market until there is a zeroing out of the amount that can be loaned, at which point a total of $900 will have been made in loans paying full retail bank rates for every $100 of mostly non-interest bearing customer deposits.
- TLD Card Trust Linked Debit Card
- TLD Card Use of a TLD Card to secure 24/7 access to funds for merchant purchases or ATM cash withdrawals worldwide) and to cause a debit to be posted to the Trust sub- account.
- TLD Card The Trust-Linked Debit Card (hereinafter "TLD Card”) System which is the object of this invention is a revenue-producing debit card that is linked to a trust account that allows overnight balances to be invested at a profit for the benefit of the account holder. This is accomplished by creating a seamless link between a bank account, a debit card, and a trust account, as illustrated in.Fig. 6 attached hereto so that whilst the debit card continues to be technically linked to a bank checking account for legal, regulatory and compliance reasons, its nature and purpose are reduced to that of a "Pass-Through, Net Zero Balance Bank Account” since the cash balance required to settle a card transaction is each time transferred seamlessly and instantly from a Trust Sub-Account of the Cardholder.
- the bank account only exists to book a simultaneous debit and credit (for the same amount) each time the debit card is used at a remote merchant location and for reporting of card activity purposes.
- the TLD Card system uses an institutional trust-relationship to deliver all of the above benefits, flexibility, unique features and protection to individual depositors whose overnight account balances can be safely and legally aggregated through the Trust so as to earn above-average rates that heretofore have only been offered to the most wealthy customers of the private banking divisions of banks and financial institutions.
- a key to this proprietary technology is the creation of a legal structure (e.g. a Trust) in which the Cardholder is a Beneficiary and his ownership interest in the Trust Estate has been evidenced by the issuance and delivery of a Floating Trust-Participation Receipt.
- the Cardholder's beneficial interest in the Trust Estate fluctuates as debits and credits are posted to his account.
- His percentage ownership in the Trust Estate is the pro-rata of his account balance at any point in time relative to the Total Trust Estate.
- the Trustee of the Trust is able to invest the aggregate overnight balances of all sub- accounts for investment purposes in order to earn a return on investment for the trust Beneficiaries. Not only does the TLD Card system pays a return on investment on overnight balances but Cardholders can still have 24x7-access to their cash for bill payments or card charges at ATMs or merchant locations as well greater security than traditional checking or demand deposit accounts. Rather than maintaining cash on deposit in a bank account that pays little or no interest on overnight balances, TLD Cardholders can earn substantial returns through safe and secure pre-defined investments strategies that meet pre-established risk tolerance threshold.
- Swept funds are transferred at the end of each bank day into an aggregated investment account, as duly permitted by the Cardholders, and returned into the Cardholders' Sub-accounts at the opening of the next banking day.
- a Trust-Linked Debit Card structure for the Benefit of an Employer and its employees.
- the Employees can receive their payroll deposit seamlessly to their account.
- Employee Cardholders have the choice of either transferring all of part of it to their regular checking account or leaving funds on deposit so that the overnight balance will earn a profit when it is aggregated with other Trust funds of all the other Trust Beneficiaries.
- the TLD Card provides the holder with all traditional features and functionality offered by bank debit cards, including cash withdrawals at ATMs 5 online banking, or making payments at merchant locations worldwide. However, rather than posting debits to a regular checking account, the System posts a debit to a trust sub-account of the card holder and the charged amount to a suspense settlement account that is then used to settle the charge. Additional benefits and features available to individual Cardholders include amongst other things the following:
- TLD Card accounts offer benefits not historically available to depositors except for high net worth individuals and major corporations. Additionally, the TLD Cards are particularly beneficial for high net-worth individuals whose cash assets are in excess of the individual depositor FDIC insured limit of $100,000. This feature provides very strong incentives to attract high net worth individuals while providing compelling appeal to lower net worth depositors.
- Fig. A is a chart that describes the entire Trust-Linked Debit Card system in a succinct but all encompassing diagram.
- Fig. B is a chart that describes entire Trust-Linked Debit Card system from a slightly different perspective than Fig. A.
- Fig. C is a chart that describes how debits and credits can be made to the TLD Card and how the online, phone or PDA Links can be used to transfer balances, pay bills, or invest through a online connection.
- Fig. D & E are two charts which should be viewed in relationship to claims N° 23, 25 and 26 below and which illustrates how a non-bank entity can issue debit cards through the issuance of a Master Note & Trust-Linked Debit Card Agreement and the sale of floating note.
- Fig. F is a chart which should be viewed in relationship to claims N° 16, 17, 18 and 19 below which illustrates how a homeowner can obtain a loan through the Trust secured by an illiquid asset (e.g. on a home equity) so that the loan proceeds, or any portion thereof, can be invested at a profit. So long as the anticipated rate of return on the investment is greater than the cost of the loan, the profit can be used to accelerate the repayment and ultimate retirement of the first mortgage as well as the loan. In this case a special asset pool of the trust can be created for this class of asset.
- an illiquid asset e.g. on a home equity
- Fig. 1 is a chart that explains the steps required to establish multiple Sub-Trusts under a Master Trust within the context of a legal trust structure calling for the execution of a Participation Trust Agreement that protects the deposits of Trust Beneficiaries through the use of unrelated third-party fiduciary agents (the Trustee, the Custodian, the Paying Agent, the asset manager).
- This Diagram also shows how the legal structure interfaces with the debit card side of the business.
- Fig. 2 is a chart that establishes the relationships and functions of all the parties that are necessary to deliver, manage and service the TLD system.
- Fig. 3 is a chart that shows how the various account numbers, debit card numbers and bank account numbers interface with each other.
- Fig. 4 is a chart that explains the process for a new Trust Beneficiary to establish an account online and to be approved a new customer of a Sub-Trust.
- Fig. 5 is a chart that illustrates how databases of separate entities are interfaced in order to deliver the benefits and services required by the TLD Card system.
- Fig. 6 is a diagram that explains the use of an account look-up and matching interface that identifies and matches a debit card transaction to the correct account of a Trust Sub- Account Beneficiary (the Cardholder) so as to debit to the Cardholder's account while posting a simultaneously debit and credit (for the same amount) to a bank account that only exists in the bank's database for the purpose of recording and reporting card activities of the Cardholder.
- a Trust Sub- Account Beneficiary the Cardholder
- Fig. 7 is a chart that shows how a seamless link can be created to enable an employer to make deposits of employee payrolls directly to each employee's Trust Sub-Account in such a way that amounts so deposited as a credit to the account is immediately available to the account holder/Cardholder for debit transactions via his TLD Card.
- Fig. 8 is a chart that Explains the steps required for a new account holder to complete in order to register his investment preferences and his risk tolerance threshold.
- Fig. 9 is a chart describes a method of aggregating investment funds between multiple Trusts & Sub-trusts at the Master Trust level, so that account balances can be aggregated and pooled for investment purposes in multiple funds having different investment strategies and objectives.
- Figs. 10 is a chart that describes the method of aggregating funds from different Sub- Trusts, where the Sub-Trusts are related to the same Master Trust and where funds can be pooled for investments having varying maturities and different objectives and strategies.
- Fig. 11 is a chart that describes the method of distributing investment profits back to the Sub-Trusts through the Master Trust.
- Exhibits A and B are also included, and each include invention disclosure that was present in the above-identified cross-reference to related applications.
- “Affiliate” means, with respect to any Person, any other Person controlling or controlled by or under common control with such specified Person.
- control when used with respect to any specified Person means the power to direct the management and policies of such Person, directly or indirectly, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise; and the terms “controlling” and “controlled” have meanings correlative to the foregoing.
- “Available Funds” means the aggregate amount at a particular point in time of cash on deposit in the Sub- Accounts of a Trust which is available for overnight investment by the Trustee.
- “Beneficiary” (or a “Trust Participant” in the case of a Participation Trust) is Person who owns a fraction of the Trust Estate as evidenced by Trust-Issued Receipts, Trust Notes or Trust-Participation Receipts, in pro-rata of his total holdings relative to the total Trust Estate.
- Cardholder means any Person who is the holder of a Trust Sub-Account and who, by virtue of having adopted the Trust Agreement in which he is a beneficiary, has received a Floating Trust Participation Receipt for his initial deposit as well as a debit card that links directly to the Trust Sub-Account of the Cardholder.
- Custodian means a bank or securities firm that is designated to act as custodian for Available Funds of the Trust and other Trust Funds.
- Distributiontable Funds represents: (a) the portion of a Participant's funds on deposit in Participant's Sub-account and earmarked as being the amount (or percentage of total deposits) needed to be available at all times on simple demand (with no notice) to settle daily TLD Card payments or cash withdrawals; or (b) the amount of dividends, interest or profits earned by the Trust and posted to the Sub-account of the Participant.
- Distributable Trust Funds can be left on deposit in the Trust Sub-account until needed, in which case they continue to earn interest for the Cardholder/Participant.
- Floating Trust-Participation Receipt is a Trust Participation Receipt that is initially delivered to a Trust Participant to evidence that party's beneficial interest at any point in time in the Trust Estate to the extent of his holdings therein. Since a Participant's account balance in a Trust Sub-Account will fluctuate daily when deposits and withdrawals are posted, the receipt amount evidencing available funds on account is floating as defined in the receipt certificate. Therefore, rather than being for a set receipted amount, such Floating Trust-Participation Receipt, when issued and delivered upon the opening of a Participant's Trust Sub-Account, will establish the method and basis of calculating, booking and reporting the balance of a Sub-Account at any point in time.
- “Instruction/s” means any investment orders issued from time-to-time in writing by third-party Asset Manager and addressed to the Trustee that is a "Permitted Investment” under the Trust Agreement or the Trust Indenture. Such written Instructions, when issued and delivered, obligates the Trustee and/or the Custodian to execute them.
- Invest-able Deposits represent the portion of a Participant's Sub-account balance that has been earmarked (as a specified amount or as a percentage of total deposits) which the Trust is permitted to invest on the Participant's behalf and where such funds are callable, with some form of advance notice and without penalty, or for a specific pre-determined period.
- Investment Profits mean the gross profits earned from any and all Permitted Investments of a Trust, less any and all pre-determined and pre-approved investment management expenses.
- Manager or "Asset Manager” means any person or entity appointed from time to time by the Settlor of a Master Trust or a Sub-Trust to give investment Instructions to the Trustee in accordance with the terms and conditions of a Trust Agreement or a Participation Agreement.
- Master Trust means a Trust which itself is the sole beneficial owner of 100% of the Trust Estate of other similar trusts.
- Nested Sub-Account means a nested account of a Trust Sub-Account opened in the name of the principal account Beneficiary but which benefits a Related Party (e.g. employees of a company who use a debit card to automatically debit their travel expenses to the Trust Sub-Account of their employer, children or spouses of a cardholder who use the card, foreign parents of a migrant worker who are in need or support abroad, etc.)
- a Related Party e.g. employees of a company who use a debit card to automatically debit their travel expenses to the Trust Sub-Account of their employer, children or spouses of a cardholder who use the card, foreign parents of a migrant worker who are in need or support abroad, etc.
- Non-Cash Contributions means the contribution made by a Person to the Trust Estate effected by means of a transfer or assignment of all legal rights, title and interest to a specific non-cash asset, in exchange for a Trust Participation Receipt that can only be redeemed at maturity via the return of the original non-asset to the original contributor (e.g. a second mortgage in a residential home or rental property of a Beneficiary, restricted stocks of public corporations, stocks of public companies that fall below the minimum pricing threshold to qualify for a margin facility, etc.).
- Participant means any Person or Entity that has deposited or caused money to be deposited to a Trust Sub-Account. Such a Participant is also the Beneficiary and the holder of the Trust-Linked Debit Card (the Cardholder).
- Participation Agreement means any duly executed and delivered Participation Agreement between a Settlor and a Participant to establish the basis of that Person or Entity's relationship to the Trust. It establishes the method of making deposits, withdrawals, and payments, as well as establishing the basis upon which the Person or Entity's beneficial interest in the Available Funds will be booked, profits and dividends accounted for, posted to the Person's account and reported on monthly statements of account.
- Participation Trust means a statutory Master Trust or a Sub-Trust (normally named: The XYZ Participation Trust) formed by an individual, a company, a non-profit organization, or an affinity group for the ultimate benefit of the intended Beneficiaries. This would include, for example, an employer that contributes a nominal amount to the Trust corpus but intends for the Trust to be operated for the benefit of its employees. In this instance, the employer would be able to automatically cause employee-approved payroll deposits or bonuses to be posted electronically directly to that employee's Trust Sub-Account each month.
- Permitted Investments means investments authorized by the Trust Indenture or the Trust Agreement executed by the Trustee pursuant to orders received from a duly authorized Asset Manager and which complies with all investment guidelines including clear definition of an acceptable investment in terms of the type of investment products bought and sold, the duration of any investment, the credit risk, the settlement method, the exit strategy, and the overall risk tolerance.
- Patent means (a) any natural person, (b) any corporation, limited liability company, partnership, trust, joint stock company, unincorporated association, non-profit organization, joint venture or other entity established to conduct business or (c) any federal, national, state, provincial, municipal, local, territorial or other governmental department, commission, board, bureau, agency, regulatory authority, instrumentality or judicial or administrative body, whether domestic or foreign.
- Registrar means an institution duly appointed to perform all accounting functions for the Trust and to report monthly the account activity for each Participant.
- Related Person means any Person who is a related family member, a trustee, or an attorney-in-fact of such Person.
- Settlor (also known as the Creator or Grantor) is the person or entity that enters into an agreement with a Trustee to form a new Trust.
- Sub-Trust means a Trust whose Trust Estate is entirely owned by a Master Trust.
- Sub-Trusts can be individual Trusts formed for the purpose of accommodating specific organizations desiring to issue branded Trust-Linked Debit Cards (e.g. employers, retailers, banks & financial institutions, affinity groups, credit unions, etc. desiring to offer the benefits of a TLD Card to their employees, members, customers or clients).
- branded Trust-Linked Debit Cards e.g. employers, retailers, banks & financial institutions, affinity groups, credit unions, etc. desiring to offer the benefits of a TLD Card to their employees, members, customers or clients.
- Trust in law means a legally-created fiduciary relationship in which a qualified person or legal entity (one free of conflict of interest) called a "Trustee” holds title to property for the benefit of one or more Persons, called a "Beneficiary” or “Beneficiaries”.
- the agreement that establishes the Trust contains its provisions, and sets forth the powers of the Trustee is called the Trust Agreement or the Trust Indenture.
- the person or entity creating the Trust is the Creator, Settlor, Grantor or Donor; the property itself is called the “corpus”, the "Trust Funds” or the “Trust Estate” which is distinguished from any income earned by it.
- Trust Account means a bank account or Trust account of a Master Trust or a Sub- Trust.
- Trust Sub-Account means the sub-account of a Trust Account normally opened in the name of an individual Beneficiary or Participant.
- Trust-Issued Receipt is a Trust receipt issued by the Trustee of the Trust in favor of a Beneficiary to evidence the Beneficiary's pro-rata beneficial ownership in the Trust corpus up to the amount shown on the receipt.
- a Trust-Issued receipt operates much like a stock certificate of a corporation with the main difference being that in the case of a Trust, the assets of the Trust are managed by an independent Trustee in accordance with the pre-defined terms and conditions of the agreement governing the Trust.
- Trust-Participation Receipt is a receipt issued by the Trust in favor of a Participant, that operates much like the Trust-Issued Receipt, except that it is issued in favor of a non-related third-party that causes deposits to be made to a Sub-account opened in the Participant's name under the master account of the Trust in accordance with the terms and conditions of a "Trust Participation Agreement,” thereby causing the Participant to be de- facto a Beneficiary of the Trust to the extent of the Participant's holdings in the Trust.
- Trust-Linked Debit Card is a term used to describe the debit card product which is the subject of this invention.
- Trust Company means a regulated and licensed organization usually combined with a commercial bank, which is engaged as Trustee, fiduciary or agent for individuals or businesses in the administration of Trust funds, estates, custodial arrangements and other related services.
- Trust Estate means all rights, title and interests the Trust has in the aggregate of all cash deposits of Beneficiaries to their Trust Sub- Accounts at any point in time calculated as the total of all assets less the total of all liabilities, including set-aside reserves that are subject to a fiduciary duty of the Trustee. It is also the amount that is normally available for investment purposes, and it includes any and all accumulated and accrued interest, dividends or profits earned by the Trust as well as any other asset otherwise acquired by the Trust.
- Trust Funds means the aggregate of all cash funds and other assets deposited to the credit of the Trust by the Settlor, Grantor, Beneficiaries or Participants.
- Trust Indenture is a legal agreement that establishes the Trust and appoints a Trustee to manage the assets of the Trust. It is an agreement entered into between a Settlor and a qualified Trustee which normally contain protective clauses for bond holders or Beneficiaries, including how funds are to be managed. Its provisions set forth the powers of the Trustee and establish the interest of the Beneficiaries or Participants in the assets held in Trust.
- Trust Note is a debt instrument that obligates the Trust to pay the holder of the note the principal and interest, if any, when due, in accordance with the terms of the Note.
- a Trust can create an indebtedness secured by Trust Assets, unless such activity is specifically prohibited by the Trust Agreement.
- Truste is a qualified (meaning free of a conflict of interest) person or legal entity, such as a Trust Company that holds title to property for the benefit of one or more Persons, called a "Beneficiary" or “Beneficiaries”.
- a Trustee is usually charged with investing Trust property productively for and on behalf of the Beneficiaries in accordance with the specific instructions of the Trust Agreement or Trust Indenture.
- the Trust Agreement will usually define whether the Trustee can make investment decisions of his own or whether he is only to execute investment orders submitted by a third-party asset manager.
- the Technology generally includes a system or method to enable a Person to:
- TLD Cards which, when used at an ATM or a merchant location will simultaneously cause: (i) a debit to be posted directly to the Trust Sub- Account of the Cardholder or one of the Nested Sub- Account, (ii) a credit to be posted to a temporary merchant settlement account, and (iii) post both a credit and a debit to a "pass-through, net-zero bank checking account"
- TLD Card Trust-Linked Debit Card System
- TDB Transaction Processing Backbone
- a software system to automatically interface with a cellular phone system designed to send and receive text messages that inform the Cardholder of usage or attempted usage and allows accounts to be activated or deactivated at a distance through instructions executed via the phone system.
- IX A software System to seamlessly integrate TLD Card-originated transactions with a TPB-approved and TPB-supported system and technology designed to deliver the following features: a. Full online banking capabilities. b. Cash withdrawal at any TPB supported ATM worldwide. c. Balance inquiry from an account at a TPB supported ATM. d. Worldwide authorization, clearing and settlement of a purchase transaction emanating from an account at a TPB-supported merchant location via the TPB system. e. Complete processing of debit and credit operations between the cardholder's Trust Sub-Account and the net-zero, pass-through bank account. X. An integrated software system to support, amongst other things, the following functions: a.
- XI. System to support the transfer of cash from the sub-trust card holder's account to a prepaid debit card usable worldwide on the TPB system completely independently from the TLD Card system and the loading of funds on such prepaid debit cards as provided by the financial institution. This feature may be used for instance by foreign workers who want a prepaid card to be instantly available.
- a system or method that enables non-banking (e.g. an employer, a retailer, a mutual fund, a non-profit entity, etc.) to cause the issuance of a trust-linked debit card (e.g. a debit card issued by a private label card provider/TPB System provider) for profit, without being subjected to the same compliance, regulatory, reporting and auditing constraints that banks are.
- non-banking e.g. an employer, a retailer, a mutual fund, a non-profit entity, etc.
- a trust-linked debit card e.g. a debit card issued by a private label card provider/TPB System provider
- repo and reverse repo products and strategies
- a system or method that creates an incentive and a reason for banks, financial institutions, insurance companies, brokerage firms and managed funds to compete for the overnight deposit business of the Trust by offering returns and strategies that have heretofore only been reserved for wealthy private banking that is likely to result in a higher than normal rate of return on invested capital.
- a system and method that allows Cardholders to support dependent family members (e.g. college students, aging parents, alimony recipients) or by providing each Related Party a Trust-Linked Debit Card linked to a Nested Sub-Account that they can use to withdraw cash or make purchases up to the pre-authorized sub-account balance limit.
- a system and method that allows businesses to provide for traveling employee expenses through the issuance of a Trust-Linked Debit Card that causes debits to be posted to a Nested Sub-Account they can use to withdraw cash or make purchases up to the pre- authorized sub-account balance limit.
- a system and method that allows business owners or managers to immediately post a credit to the sub-account of a traveling employee to meet unexpected or emergency needs and where such posting is immediately credited to the account of the cardholder and therefore available for expenses.
- a system and method that establishes a trust relationship between a fiduciary (the Trustee) and a single or multiple trust beneficiaries whereby representations can be made by the Trustee to a single or multiple independent third-parties that funds are on deposit and are available for transfer or are blocked or reserved for a particular transaction for a pre-set period of time or for an indefinite period of time until a pre-defined event occurs and which time funds are released by the fiduciary in favor of the counterparty.
- the following examples are only offered to illustrate the practical applications of the technology, but are in no way limiting as to such actual applications: a.
- An Auction Participation Trust (or Sub-Trust) in which funds of high net worth individuals may be deposited in a Trust sub-account as proof of funds for use in bidding on high value items at auction while earning above market yields up and until the actual auction.
- a Home Equity Loan Participation Trust (HELPT) in which funds from both small and large home equity loans may be deposited in a Trust Sub-Account and segregated in such a way that some funds immediately are available to the account Beneficiary for normal ATM and merchant transactions while a pre-agreed percentage is held in reserve for long-terms investment in strategies that are designed to deliver above-average market yield that can then be used to pay down first and second mortgage balances.
- HELPT Home Equity Loan Participation Trust
- a Real Estate Deposit Participation Trust in which refundable deposits required for commercial, industrial, retail, and residential real estate leases are deposited in Trust sub-accounts pending an escrow closing so that available funds can be invested to earn above market yields as long as the lease requires the deposit to be held.
- a Commercial Equipment Lease Deposit Participation Trust in which deposits required for an equipment lease ⁇ to protect the Lessor by offsetting losses due to: unreasonable wear and tear to returned equipment; the non-return of equipment; or any other costs incurred due to the Lessee's actions) are deposited in Trust sub-accounts and will earn the equipment lessees above market yields when there are no losses experienced by the Lessor during the lease term.
- CELPT Commercial Equipment Lease Deposit Participation Trust
- CSPPT College Savings Plan Participation Trust
- BCPT Brokerage Cash Participation Trust
- a Retirement Fund Participation Trust in which funds contributed by employers and individuals to 40 IK, IRA 5 and Roth IRA accounts are deposited in Trust sub-accounts to earn higher yields than those associated with money market funds, prior to investment in equities, bonds, and other investment vehicles.
- An Endowment Fund Participation Trust in which endowment fund balances are deposited in Trust sub-accounts to earn higher yields than those associated with money market funds, prior to investment in equities, bonds, and other investment vehicles.
- a Probate Funds Participation Trust in which Probate fund balances, and funds from the sale of property and other estate assets, are deposited in Trust sub-accounts to earn higher yields than those associated with money market funds prior to distribution to an estate's beneficiaries.
- An Escrow Participation Trust in which escrow funds deposited to "secure" a transaction are deposited in Trust sub-accounts to earn higher yields than those associated with money market funds, and in which the investment return on the escrow funds are disbursed to the depositor at the same time the escrow funds are distributed to the transaction beneficiary.
- HSPT Health Savings Participation Trust
- HSAs health saving accounts
- a system and method where funds on deposit in the Trust Sub-Account of a Beneficiary can be "blocked” or “reserved” by the Trustee (debit the Beneficiary's account and credit a suspense fiduciary account of the Trust) for a particular event involving at least two counterparties in which the Beneficiary is the originator of the written order to initiate a particular transaction or event (e.g. to evidence cash funds on deposit to open access to public or private bidding, as is often the case for high value items or property).
- Non-Cash Contributions can be made to the Trust Estate by individual Beneficiaries (e.g. a real estate property, a second mortgage, etc.) so that such asset can be used to secure a cash loan that can then be invested by the Trust solely for the benefit of Beneficiaries who have contributed like assets.
- individual Beneficiaries e.g. a real estate property, a second mortgage, etc.
- Non-Cash Contributions to the Trust Estate can be aggregated into pools of like-kind assets for the purpose of securing a loan for the benefit of the Trust in such instances where the investment rate is expected to be greater than the interest cost of the loan.
- a system and method where non-cash assets of the Trust Estate can be pledged as security for a loan, a line of credit or simply used to secure the issuance of Trust Notes (rated or non-rated) that are subject to a Trust Indenture and where the proceeds thereof can be invested strictly for the benefit of that class of Beneficiaries (non-cash contributors) of the Trust.
- a system and method where cash and non-cash contributions of Beneficiaries can be segregated through a transfer from one of more primary accounts to one or more nested sub-accounts, where each account balance is reported separately on the monthly statement of the primary account, and where such segregated accounts are the subject of a different pre-defined treatment with respect of the investment of available balances and/or the cash balance immediately available and usable by the Beneficiary of the primary account for debit card transactions at merchant locations or at ATM locations.
- a system and method where a fiduciary escrow/settlement service can be provided by the Trustee to facilitate the closing of a transaction between two non-related Beneficiaries of a Trust having a common Trustee and where such closing involve: (a) the blocking of funds (through a reserve set-aside to a suspense account of the Trust) occurs on the first account, and (b) the blocked funds are automatically credited to the account of the second party upon the fulfillment of all the pre- established conditions of the closing.
- a system or method in accordance with paragraph 1 wherein such financial product consist of a Trust-linked debit card, a regular bank debit card, a stored value card, a credit card, a gift card, or any other similar method of debiting a card account for transactions occurring at a different location than where the account balance is maintained.
- a Participation Trust used as the legal framework to support the TLD Card system
- a company or trust issues a secured or unsecured corporate note in favor of a Cardholder in exchange for one or more cash deposit/s and where the principal outstanding balance due on the note is a floating amount at any point in time calculated as the total of all deposits, less the total of all withdrawals on the account.
- a system or method in accordance with paragraph 3 which comprises the aggregation of multiple account balances into any number and type of investment pools or funds for the purpose of investing each such pooled balances in overnight or longer term investment strategies designed to yield a profit to the investor.
- payroll deposits can automatically be segregated for savings and/or investment purposes and/or transferred internally to another account within the Trust or to any number of external accounts of the Employee/Beneficiary (e.g. automatic transfers to health savings accounts, etc.).
- a traditional debit card can only be issued by a So long as an institutional Trustee serves as licensed financial institution. Trustee (fiduciary) for the trust (usually the trust affiliate of a major bank), any corporation or individual that participates in the trust arrangements envisioned by this proprietary system can cause a TLD Card to be issued in favor of other trust participants.
- Bank clients maintain cash on deposit in a Cardholders maintain a sub-account of a regular bank account in the name of the card master trust account at the fiduciary holder at the card-issuing institution. institution. Deposits are made to a trust account rather than a bank account.
- the institutional Trustee issues the card which is automatically linked to the trust account instead of a traditional bank account.
- Trust funds are not an asset of the trust bank. technically considered an asset of the bank To benefit from this leverage banks are willing that can be leveraged by the bank 10: 1 in the to pay to gain access to overnight funds they United States and up to 20: 1 in Canada. 1 can show as bank asset for their end-of-day reporting.
- This "multiplier" effect of money is also referred to as leverage, because a $100 cash deposit can be leveraged into loans totaling $900, so long as the bank's capital ratios (Tier I and Tier Il capital) are within the accepted guidelines.
- Banks can re-lend clients' deposits as they Unlike banks, the trust departments of banks become the bank's assets. For this reason, act in a fiduciary capacity. They are only banks decide what constitutes acceptable risk allowed to invest trust funds as permitted by and what does not. Though client funds over the trust agreement in pre-defined investment $100k are at risk, the depositor has no say in strategies and products. It is the asset the lending practices of the bank. manager that directs investments based on the criteria clearly spelled out in the trust agreement.
- fractional reserve banking system Funds in a trust account can only be invested allows banks to leverage and re-lend their by the Trustee as permitted in the trust customer deposits up to ten times, banks agreement. Investment returns earned by the make a significant profit by lending funds at trust belong to the trust Beneficiaries. As long retail and refinancing themselves at wholesale as the trust agreement limits the investment rates in the inter-bank market or with the risk to safe investment practices and methods, central bank. Little or none of this profit is the upside potential can be maximized. passed on to the bank customer.
- PROFITS CAN THEN BE USED TO AUTOMATICALLY REPAY THE FIRST
- a homeowner's greatest asset is often times his personal residence OF THE INVENTION: or his real estate holdings. Since real estate increases in value as the local market moves up, most holders of such assets have an illiquid asset at any point in time which does not benefit them.
- the equity is the difference between the market value of the home and the total indebtedness secured by the real estate property.
- This invention provides an alternative for the owner of a real estate property to liquefy his equity through a low interest home equity loan where the risk of non-payment is wholly or partially eliminated through a trust structure that receives the loan proceeds in trust and reinvests the cash balance (with compounding of principal and earned interest) in accordance with the trust arrangement.
- the lender Since the lender is secured mostly by cash held on deposit in the trust, he can assess the risk better and charge an interest rate that is proportional to the amount of the loan proceeds that is reinvested in trust versus the portion that is used for expenses or debt consolidation.
- the trust agreement pledges the cash on deposit in the Homeowner's trust account in favor of the Lender thus the risk of default on the loan is greatly diminished.
- the Lender can then develop an interest rate scale as defined below that is based on the percentage of the loan that will be applied to reinvestment versus that used to cover expenses:
- the above table illustrates the following principle: the greater the percentage placed in the trust for reinvestment, the lower the interest rate charged by the lender on the home equity loan.
- the loan proceeds can be disbursed to the homeowner through the issuance of a Debit Card or a Stored Value Card (collectively referred to as the "Debit Card") so that the cash balance is always available for overnight investment via a sweep agreement that causes overnight funds to be invested for the benefit of the Homeowner/Account Holder.
- Debit Card Stored Value Card
- OBJECTIVES Objective N° 1 For the Lender to Capture the Overnight and intra- day interest Earned on the Float without placing Customer deposits at risk.
- the Trustee that causes the bank to accept the deposit of the loan proceeds in trust based on certain pre-defined terms and conditions contained in a Trust Indenture duly executed between the Lender/Card Issuer and the trustee to protect all depositors funds.
- the non-banking entity causes the bank to act in a fiduciary capacity, as Trustees, in order to fully protect the deposits of the Homeowner in accordance with the terms and conditions of the trust indenture.
- the Lender/Card Issuer Since the Lender/Card Issuer is a non-banking entity, the shifting of the responsibility for safekeeping of customers 1 funds to a bank Trustee, makes it impossible for the bank to commingle trust funds with its own funds in order to benefit from the overnight float.
- the Trustee Through a sweep arrangement contained in the trust indenture, the Trustee is authorized at the end of each business day to sweep the aggregate balances of all customers' accounts funds from the trust account and to deposit the aggregate amount available in the trust account on deposit in the trust account into a commercial account of the Lender/Card Issuer opened in the same bank so that the bank can then invest the funds overnight for • account of the Lender/Card Issuer based on pre-defined risk tolerance levels that are clearly defined in both the investment agreement and the trust indenture.
- Objective N 0 2 To cause the commercial side of the bank to sweep the aggregate cash balance from the Homeowner's trust account and to move it to an investment account of Lender/Card Issuer who will then benefit from the overnight or intra-day investment profits. All investment activities are managed by an Asset Manager who is appointed under the Trust Indenture to give investment orders to the Trustee based on certain pre-defined "Permitted Investments" that meet the acceptable risk threshold defined in the trust indenture.
- Objective N To pay the Homeowner a rate of return that is greater than his cost of borrowing so that the net spread (difference between the interest earned on his investment and the loan interest) can be used to automatically pay down his total indebtedness (first and second mortgage) on the pledged collateral. It is anticipated that when certain investment techniques which are already the subject of other inventions of this inventor are combined with the low-cost home equity loan system which is the subject of this invention, that the investment will produce a positive spread to the Homeowner without any investment risk.
- the legal structure involves the execution of the following documents is ACHIEVED between the Trustee and the Lender/Card Issuer: a.
- the trust account set-up consists of a master account, a sinking fund to hold the sub-account cash balances and sub-accounts for each Homeowner.
- the sub-account is effectively the Homeowner's trust account in which the Homeowner cash deposits are held.
- b. A Trust Indenture that creates a Secured Trust Fund, a Sinking Fund in which is deposited all Homeowners' portion of the loan proceeds they wish to reinvest.
- a Special Fund is created to receive all investment profits from overnight and/or intra- day investments.
- the Trust Indenture effectively protects collectively the rights of the Homeowner/Account Holders.
- the trust indenture effectively pledges all cash and financial instruments held on deposit in the Lender/Card Issuer's trust account in favor of the Homeowners who then assigns his interests to the Lender as security for the loan.
- An Asset Management Agreement that contains a provision requiring the bank and the Trustee to only invest the funds in what is called "Permitted Investments" so that non-speculative investment risks are contained within the Lender/Card Issuer's pre ⁇ defined acceptable risk tolerance threshold.
- the bank, the Lender/Card Issuer and the Trustee can never deplete the principal of the investment but can for instance exchange cash for US Government Treasuries that represent a AAA-rated (rating by: Standard & Poors, Moody's Financial Services or FitchRatings) or other cash equivalent investments or fixed-income securities that qualify as "Permitted Investments”.
- the Lender/Card Issuer issues Irrevocable Sweep and Investment Instructions to the bank which are then duly accepted by the bank. Once accepted, the bank is responsible for the implementation of their client's instructions. These instructions requires the Trustee and the bank to sweep the trust account daily and to deposit the cash in a segregated investment account opened in the name of the Lender/Card Issuer.
- DIAGRAM Diagram C describes the Basic Structure for this investment, namely: DESCRIBING THE
- PATENT APPLICATION 1 the homeowner has unrealized equity in his CLAIMS home of $160,000. 2.
- the Lender extends a loan to the homeowner that represents 100% of the available equity in the home. The loan to value will decrease based on the percentage that is reinvested versus that used to repay other indebtedness or cover expenses. The higher the percentage that is reinvested in trust, the lower the interest rate the Lender can charge on the loan. Because the risk is not based exclusively on a real estate property, but on a mix of the real estate property and the cash made available for investment purposes in trust, the lender can lower the interest rate charged to the bare minimum necessary to ensure a slight profit over break-even (defined as the discount rate of the central bank).
- a NON-BANKING ENTITY e.g. A CARD ISSUER
- BACKGROUND Traditionally Stored Value Cards (“SVC”) and Bank Debit Cards (“Debit Card/s”) are issued by banks for their customers.
- SVC Stored Value Cards
- Debit Card/s Bank Debit Cards
- the bank is required to maintain sufficient cash on deposit (demand deposit) at all times in order to settle any charges the card holder might make (debits on account balance).
- Debit Card the customer makes a purchase at a retail location and the merchant then receives electronic payment from the bank of the Card Holder and the amount is automatically debited from the customer's account.
- a SVC operates much like a Debit Card but can be one of two types: (a) the card stores a pre-loaded cash value on the magnetic strip that decreases each time the card holder uses the card to charge a purchase (debit); (b) the card itself only holds the customer and account information but, for safety reasons, does not hold any stored value.
- the balance is debited electronically via a clearinghouse each time the customer makes a charge on his account.
- the amount available to the Card Holder is automatically displayed on the screen when a purchase is made at a merchant location, via a daily account activity/account balance report sent the client, via daily e-mail or via phone messaging.
- the stored value or the current account balance is reduced by the amount of the debit when the purchase is made at a retail location or the charge clears through the automated clearinghouse system.
- This invention or structure provides non-banking entities with the ability to issue debit cards or stored value cards (the "Card Issuer") to any customer while offering the customer the same 100% safety of the principal account balance held on deposit so that the customer is always assured that 100% of his account balance is available at all times on the card.
- OBJECTIVES Objective N 0 1 For the Card Issuer to Capture the Overnight Interest Earned on the Float without placing Customer deposits at risk.
- the Trustee causes the bank to accept the card holders' cash deposits in trust account based on certain pre-defined terms and conditions contained in a Trust Indenture duly executed between the Card Issuer and the trustee.
- the non-banking entity causes the bank to act in a fiduciary capacity, as Trustees, in order to fully protect the deposits of the card holder in accordance with the terms and conditions of the trust indenture. Since the Card Issuer is a non- banking entity, the shifting of the responsibility for safekeeping of customers' funds to a bank Trustee, makes it impossible for the bank to commingle trust funds with its own funds in order to benefit from the overnight float.
- the Trustee is authorized at the end of each business day to sweep the aggregate balances of all customers' accounts funds from the trust account and to deposit the aggregate amount available in the trust account on deposit in the trust account into a commercial account of the Card Issuer opened in the same bank so that the bank can then invest the funds overnight for account of the Card Issuer based on pre ⁇ defined risk tolerance levels that are clearly defined in both the investment agreement and the trust indenture.
- Objective N° 2 To cause the commercial side of the bank to sweep the aggregate cash balance in the Card Holder's trust account and to move it to an investment account of Card Issuer who will then receive overnight or intra-day investment profits. All investment activities are managed by an Asset Manager who is appointed under the Trust Indenture to give investment orders to the Trustee based on certain pre-defined "Permitted Investments" that meet the acceptable risk threshold defined in the trust indendure.
- Objective N° 3 To allow a non-banking entity to issue Debit Cards and/or SVCs that can then be used by the card holder to effect purchases or receive cash at ATMs, merchant locations and banks throughout the world.
- the legal structure involves the execution of the following documents ACHIEVED between the Trustee and the Card Issuer: a.
- the Card Issuer enters into a Debit Card or SVC card agreement with the Card Holder.
- the Card Issuer either provides directly or through sub-contract the backbone system that connects the card or the account to the Visa, Master Card merchants or bank ATM channels that is then available to the Card Holder for purchases or debit operations worldwide.
- the trust account set-up consists of a master account, a sinking fund to hold the sub-account cash balances and sub-accounts for each Card Holder.
- the sub-account is effectively the Card Holder's trust account in which the Card Holder cash deposits are held.
- a Trust Indenture that creates a Secured Trust Fund, a Sinking Fund in which is deposited all customer credits stored or credited to the customers' accounts.
- a Special Fund is created to receive all investment profits from overnight and/or intra-day investments.
- the Trust Indenture effectively protects collectively the rights of the Creditors, namely those who maintain a positive cash balance on their Debit Card or SVC card.
- the trust indenture effectively pledges all cash and financial instruments held on deposit in the Card Issuer's trust account in favor of the Card Holders who maintain a positive cash balance in the sub-account of the Sinking Fund opened in their name. d.
- BASIC DESCRIPTION Diagram A describes the Basic Structure for the various trust and bank OF THE PATENT accounts, the flow of funds, the account ownership, the sinking-fund APPLICATION and the sub-account system CLAIMS
- Diagram B describes how a credit is posted to a Debit Card or SVC and how such cards can then be used for debit operations within the global Electronic Funds Transfer network or the ATM networks. This diagram also illustrates how multiple users can be connected to a sub account of the Sinking Fund in the trust bank to enable other authorized users to use their own individual cards but to charge the debits to the Card Holder's account in trust. 40
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2007543479A JP2008521148A (en) | 2004-11-22 | 2005-11-22 | Trust related debit card technology |
AU2005306261A AU2005306261A1 (en) | 2004-11-22 | 2005-11-22 | Trust-linked debit card technology |
IL183314A IL183314A0 (en) | 2004-11-22 | 2007-05-20 | Trust-linked debit card technology |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US63023404P | 2004-11-22 | 2004-11-22 | |
US63023304P | 2004-11-22 | 2004-11-22 | |
US60/630,234 | 2004-11-22 | ||
US60/630,233 | 2004-11-22 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2006055972A2 true WO2006055972A2 (en) | 2006-05-26 |
WO2006055972A3 WO2006055972A3 (en) | 2009-04-23 |
Family
ID=36407884
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2005/042566 WO2006055972A2 (en) | 2004-11-22 | 2005-11-22 | Trust-linked debit card technology |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP2008521148A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2005306261A1 (en) |
IL (1) | IL183314A0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2006055972A2 (en) |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6105865A (en) * | 1998-07-17 | 2000-08-22 | Hardesty; Laurence Daniel | Financial transaction system with retirement saving benefit |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS59151259A (en) * | 1983-02-16 | 1984-08-29 | Omron Tateisi Electronics Co | Bank system |
JP2003323547A (en) * | 2002-05-07 | 2003-11-14 | Mizuho Bank Ltd | Method and program for providing bank account information |
JP2004046873A (en) * | 2002-07-01 | 2004-02-12 | A Plus:Kk | Effective management system for financial asset |
-
2005
- 2005-11-22 WO PCT/US2005/042566 patent/WO2006055972A2/en active Application Filing
- 2005-11-22 JP JP2007543479A patent/JP2008521148A/en active Pending
- 2005-11-22 AU AU2005306261A patent/AU2005306261A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2007
- 2007-05-20 IL IL183314A patent/IL183314A0/en unknown
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6105865A (en) * | 1998-07-17 | 2000-08-22 | Hardesty; Laurence Daniel | Financial transaction system with retirement saving benefit |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2006055972A3 (en) | 2009-04-23 |
JP2008521148A (en) | 2008-06-19 |
AU2005306261A1 (en) | 2006-05-26 |
IL183314A0 (en) | 2008-04-13 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20070118449A1 (en) | Trust-linked debit card technology | |
US7536330B2 (en) | Fixed rate financing instrument offering a dividend or partially guaranteed by third party to issuance, method for establishing a market for the same, method for directly public-offering the same on-line | |
US20080065532A1 (en) | Revenue-producing bank card system & method providing the functionality & protection of trust-connected banking | |
US20040054613A1 (en) | System and method for depositing and investing illiquid or restricted assets | |
US20050256793A1 (en) | Multiple seller securitization for transforming private equity exposure | |
Ong et al. | FX swaps: Implications for financial and economic stability | |
Kester | International reserves and foreign currency liquidity: guidelines for a data template | |
Wiener et al. | Chomping at the bit: US federal income taxation of bitcoin transactions | |
Bank | Unified directives | |
Ovadya | Utilization of syndicated loans and syndicated loanseffects on banksbalance sheets | |
Class et al. | Financial highlights | |
WO2006055972A2 (en) | Trust-linked debit card technology | |
Center | Report of Independent Auditors | |
Tsen | Money And Banking | |
Fund | Scheme Information Document | |
Act | Bristol-Myers Squibb Company | |
Guide | Investor Guide | |
Smith | The implication of Basel II on securitisation transactions of banks | |
Zealand | Payments and Settlement Systems in New Zealand | |
Minsky Ph D | Community Development Banks: An Idea In Search of Substance | |
Cooperation et al. | Glossary of terms | |
Bank | Kleros Real Estate III CDO Offering Circular | |
Statements | NOMOS-BANK | |
GOLD | Our performance is | |
Pielsnik | State taxation of multistate banking operations-a state-by-state analysis: part 2 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A2 Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BW BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE EG ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KM KN KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV LY MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NA NG NI NO NZ OM PG PH PL PT RO RU SC SD SE SG SK SL SM SY TJ TM TN TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VC VN YU ZA ZM ZW |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A2 Designated state(s): BW GH GM KE LS MW MZ NA SD SL SZ TZ UG ZM ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IS IT LT LU LV MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG |
|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 183314 Country of ref document: IL |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2007543479 Country of ref document: JP Ref document number: MX/A/2007/006089 Country of ref document: MX |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2005306261 Country of ref document: AU Ref document number: 556064 Country of ref document: NZ |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2005306261 Country of ref document: AU Date of ref document: 20051122 Kind code of ref document: A |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 2005306261 Country of ref document: AU |
|
122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |
Ref document number: 05848583 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A2 |
|
ENPW | Started to enter national phase and was withdrawn or failed for other reasons |
Ref document number: PI0520090 Country of ref document: BR Kind code of ref document: A2 Free format text: PEDIDO CONSIDERADO RETIRADO EM RELACAO AO BRASIL E ARQUIVADO POR NAO ATENDER O DISPOSTO NOS ITENS 9.2 E 9.2.1 DO ATO NORMATIVO NO 128/1997 DE 05/03/1997 E POR NAO TER CUMPRIDO EXIGENCIA PUBLICADA NA RPI NO 1965 DE 02/09/2008. |