US20140136295A1

US20140136295A1 - Dynamic recommendations taken over time for reservations of information technology resources

Info

Publication number: US20140136295A1
Application number: US13/675,837
Authority: US
Inventors: Michael Morris Wasser
Original assignee: Apptio Inc
Current assignee: International Business Machines Corp
Priority date: 2012-11-13
Filing date: 2012-11-13
Publication date: 2014-05-15
Also published as: US20140136269A1; US10937036B2

Abstract

Embodiments are directed towards providing dynamic recommendations of reserving information technology resources over time that may be visually displayed over that time. In one embodiment, the recommendations may be determined based on an analysis of actual usage data obtained over a prior time period and used to predict future resource demands. The subject innovations enable a user to dynamically perform various ‘what-if’ analysis to determine optimum purchase times, and configurations. In some embodiments, the user is further provided information about currently purchased resource under-utilizations to enable the user to redistribute work, release resources, or take other actions directed towards improving management of their IT budget. While subject innovations are may be directed towards managing IT resources obtained through one or more cloud computing service providers, some embodiments further allow the user to perform make/buy decisions such as when to use in-house resources versus using cloud-based resources.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to computer automated activity based budgeting and forecasting, and more particularly, but not exclusively to providing an interactive mechanism for managing reservations of Information Technology (IT) resources, such as cloud based IT resources.

BACKGROUND

Cloud-based computing may be defined as the use of computing resources (hardware and software) that are delivered as a service over a network, such as the Internet. Cloud-based computing is often argued to provide numerous benefits to a business, including rapid scalability, availability, and cost savings. Some providers of cloud-based computing services allow users to buy access to their resources from the cloud on a pay-per-use basis; other providers further provide an ability of a user to pay to reserve resources for an extended period of time. Other providers provide still different plans for use of their services that might include variable rate plans, reservations based on differing costing models over different time periods.
While cloud-based services may provide cost savings, it remains up to the user purchasing the services to determine when and how to make use of the services, so that cost benefits may be obtained. However, there appears to be little solutions designed to help IT managers, and/or other users of cloud-based services, to manage or communicate costs of their IT resource consumption. IT managers, and other users, are often required to predict with little assistance as to when to purchase a cloud-based service, or even how much to purchase. This lack of adequate tools for the IT manager even extends to a lack of tools usable to assess when to purchase IT resources for in-house versus when to use cloud-based services. With an ever increasing number of cloud service providers becoming available, and an ever growing number of different purchase plans being made available, making such IT evaluations is becoming more and more complex. Thus, it is with respect to these considerations and others that the invention has been made.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to the following drawings. In the drawings, like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various figures unless otherwise specified. For a better understanding of the present invention, reference will be made to the following Detailed Description, which is to be read in association with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a system diagram showing components of an environment in which at least one of the various embodiments may be practiced;

FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of a client device that may be included in a system in accordance with the embodiments;

FIG. 3 shows one embodiment of a network device that may be included in a system implementing at least one of the various embodiments;

FIG. 4 illustrates a logical flow diagram showing one embodiment of a process usable to manage and display recommendations for reserving IT resources, such as cloud IT resources;

FIGS. 5-6 illustrate non-limiting, non-exhaustive examples of interfaces for managing and displaying IT resource reservations; and

FIG. 7 illustrates one non-limiting, non-exhaustive example of data analysis useable to calculate reserved resources for a single resource type.

DESCRIPTION OF THE VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS

The present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and which show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments by which the invention may be practiced. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Among other things, the present invention may be embodied as methods or devices. Accordingly, the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense.
Throughout the specification and claims, the following terms take the meanings explicitly associated herein, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The phrase “in one embodiment” as used herein does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, though it may. Furthermore, the phrase “in another embodiment” as used herein does not necessarily refer to a different embodiment, although it may. Thus, as described below, various embodiments of the invention may be readily combined, without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention.
In addition, as used herein, the term “or” is an inclusive “or” operator, and is equivalent to the term “and/or,” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term “based on” is not exclusive and allows for being based on additional factors not described, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In addition, throughout the specification, the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references. The meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on.”
As used herein, the term “instance” refers to a configuration of a computing resource, including hardware and software. In one embodiment, an instance is further defined based on a geographic location in which the computing device physically resides. Thus, for example, an instance might be defined based on its hardware, the software made available for use, and where the computing device resides. In some embodiments, an instance is further definable based on a network connection to the hardware device. Moreover, the term “resource” may be used interchangeably with the term “instance,” where a resource is a definable configuration of a computing device, including its hardware, software, and physical location.
Typically, where a resource resides within a cloud-computing environment, the resource may be leased, or otherwise purchased, for various time periods. For example, the resource may be purchased for use at once, and purchased based on a pay per use plan. In other cases, a resource might be leased by reserving use of the resource for some time period, such as six months, one year, two years, three years, or the like. Further, resources may be purchased based on a combination of fixed fees, and variable fees. The fixed fees may be based on the lease/purchase time, while the variable fees may be based on actual usage of the resource. For example, a user might purchase for three years, and use the resource on an average over the three years at 60% of the time. Thus, an effective fee rate may be determined that varies over some time period based on a combination of the fixed fees and the variable usage rate fees.
The following briefly describes the embodiments of the invention in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the invention. This brief description is not intended as an extensive overview. It is not intended to identify key or critical elements, or to delineate or otherwise narrow the scope. Its purpose is merely to present some concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
Briefly stated, the subject innovations are directed towards providing dynamic recommendations for reserving information technology resources over time that may be visually displayed over that time frame. In one embodiment, the recommendations may be determined based on an analysis of actual usage data obtained over a prior time period that is then used to predict future resource demands. The subject innovations enable a user to perform various ‘what-if’ analysis to determine optimum purchase times, and configurations. In some embodiments, the user is further provided information about currently purchased resource under-utilizations to enable the user to redistribute work, release resources, or take other actions directed towards improving management of their IT budget. While subject innovations may be directed towards managing IT resources obtained through one or more cloud computing service providers, some embodiments further allow the user to perform make/buy decisions such as when to use in-house resources versus using cloud-based resources, or to use on-demand resources versus using reserved resources.
In some embodiments, the recommendation analysis may assume that a future usage of resources will be substantially the same as a previous time period usage. Substantially the same might be based on using some statistical parameter describing the historical usage, including a mean, mode, median value, or the like. However, other more complex algorithms may be employed, including usage of a machine learning model, linear prediction models, non-linear prediction models, a covariance estimation approach, a time-varying estimation model, or any of a variety of other models. For example, in some embodiments, a model that accounts for trends or varying use of resources might be employed. Moreover, the analysis may be configured to account for various service level agreement cost implications, as well as various purchase/lease options provided by a given resource provider. In fact, virtually any parameter that might affect a cost of the resource to the user may be used to provide to the user a visual cost recommendation over time. In some embodiments, a user might select a particular time period, such as a current date, and be provided with a table reflecting a recommended purchase list based on an optimum costing forecast model. In other embodiments, a table might be displayed indicating resources that have been reserved, but are currently going unused. In some embodiments, a recommendation of how to reallocate the unused resources may be provided.
Illustrative Operating Environment
FIG. 1 shows components of one embodiment of an environment in which at least one of the various embodiments may be practiced. Not all the components may be required to practice various embodiments, and variations in the arrangement and type of the components may be made. As shown, system 100 of FIG. 1 includes local area networks (“LANs”)/wide area networks (“WANs”)—(network) 111, wireless network 110, client devices 101-104, Budgeting and Finance System (BFS) 107, and cloud services 120 and 130. Within cloud service 120 are illustrated instances (or resources) 121-124; while within cloud service 130 are illustrated instances (or resources) 121-133.
Generally, client devices 102-104 may include virtually any portable computing device capable of receiving and sending a message over a network, such as network 111, wireless network 110, or the like. Client devices 102-104 may also be described generally as client devices that are configured to be portable. Thus, client devices 102-104 may include virtually any portable computing device capable of connecting to another computing device and receiving information. Such devices include portable devices such as, cellular telephones, smart phones, display pagers, radio frequency (RF) devices, infrared (IR) devices, Personal Digital Assistants (PDA's), handheld computers, laptop computers, wearable computers, tablet computers, integrated devices combining one or more of the preceding devices, or the like. As such, client devices 102-104 typically range widely in terms of capabilities and features. For example, a cell phone may have a numeric keypad and a few lines of monochrome Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) on which only text may be displayed. In another example, a web-enabled mobile device may have a touch sensitive screen, a stylus, and several lines of color LCD in which both text and graphics may be displayed.
Client device 101 may include virtually any computing device capable of communicating over a network to send and receive information, including messaging, performing various online actions, or the like. The set of such devices may include devices that typically connect using a wired or wireless communications medium such as personal computers, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network Personal Computers (PCs), or the like. In one embodiment, at least some of client devices 102-104 may operate over wired and/or wireless network. Today, many of these devices include a capability to access and/or otherwise communicate over a network such as network 111 and/or even wireless network 110. Moreover, client devices 102-104 may access various computing applications, including a browser, or other web-based application.
In one embodiment, one or more of client devices 101-104 may be configured to operate within a business or other entity to perform a variety of services for the business or other entity. For example, client devices 101-104 may be configured to operate as a web server, an accounting server, a production server, an inventory server, or the like. However, client devices 101-104 are not constrained to these services and may also be employed, for example, as an end-user computing node, in other embodiments. Further, it should be recognized that more or less client devices may be included within a system such as described herein, and embodiments are therefore not constrained by the number or type of client devices employed. In any event, one or more of client devices 101-104 may be considered as in-house resources, or more generally on-demand resource. As used herein, the term “on-demand resource,” refers to resources in which a user may pay for compute capacity by the hour, or some other time period, with no long-term commitments. Further, as used herein, the term “reserved resource,” refers to resources in which the user is provided the option to make an initial payment for each resource to be reserved for use in some future time period.
In another embodiment, one or more of client devices 101-104 may be configured to access various services from one or more of the resources within various cloud-based services, such as cloud services 120 and/or 130.
A web-enabled client device may include a browser application that is configured to receive and to send web pages, web-based messages, or the like. The browser application may be configured to receive and display graphics, text, multimedia, or the like, employing virtually any web-based language, including a wireless application protocol messages (WAP), or the like. In one embodiment, the browser application is enabled to employ any of a variety of scripting languages, including for example, JavaScript, as well as any of a variety of markup languages, including for example Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), HyperText Markup Language (HTML), eXtensible Markup Language (XML), HTML5, or the like, to display and send a message. In one embodiment, a user of the client device may employ the browser application to perform various actions over a network.
Client devices 101-104 also may include at least one other client application that is configured to receive and/or send data, including resource recommendation information, between another computing device. The client application may include a capability to provide requests and/or receive data relating to resource recommendations. In other embodiments, BFS 107 may be configured to provide to the client devices 101-104 visual representations of resource recommendations usable to enable a user to make IT decisions for allocating budget to IT resources and for reserving use of one or more resources, such as cloud-based resources.
Wireless network 110 is configured to couple client devices 102-104 and its components with network 111. Wireless network 110 may include any of a variety of wireless sub-networks that may further overlay stand-alone ad-hoc networks, or the like, to provide an infrastructure-oriented connection for client devices 102-104. Such sub-networks may include mesh networks, Wireless LAN (WLAN) networks, cellular networks, or the like.
Wireless network 110 may further include an autonomous system of terminals, gateways, routers, or the like connected by wireless radio links, or the like. These connectors may be configured to move freely and randomly and organize themselves arbitrarily, such that the topology of wireless network 110 may change rapidly.
Wireless network 110 may further employ a plurality of access technologies including 2nd (2G), 3rd (3G), 4th (4G), 5th (5G) generation radio access for cellular systems, WLAN, Wireless Router (WR) mesh, or the like. Access technologies such as 2G, 3G, 4G, and future access networks may enable wide area coverage for mobile devices, such as client devices 102-104 with various degrees of mobility. For example, wireless network 110 may enable a radio connection through a radio network access such as Global System for Mobil communication (GSM), General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), or the like. In essence, wireless network 110 may include virtually any wireless communication mechanism by which information may travel between client devices 102-104 and another computing device, network, or the like.
Network 111 is configured to couple network devices with other computing devices, including, BFS 107, client device(s) 101, and through wireless network 110 to client devices 102-104. Network 111 is enabled to employ any form of computer readable media for communicating information from one electronic device to another. Also, network 111 can include the Internet in addition to local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), direct connections, such as through a universal serial bus (USB) port, other forms of computer-readable media, or any combination thereof. On an interconnected set of LANs, including those based on differing architectures and protocols, a router acts as a link between LANs, enabling messages to be sent from one to another. In addition, communication links within LANs typically include twisted wire pair or coaxial cable, while communication links between networks may utilize analog telephone lines, full or fractional dedicated digital lines including T1, T2, T3, and T4, Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDNs), Digital Subscriber Lines (DSLs), wireless links including satellite links, or other communications links known to those skilled in the art. For example, various Internet Protocols (IP), Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) architectures, and/or other communication protocols, architectures, models, and/or standards, may also be employed within network 111 and wireless network 110. Furthermore, remote computers and other related electronic devices could be remotely connected to either LANs or WANs via a modem and temporary telephone link. In essence, network 111 includes any communication method by which information may travel between computing devices.
Additionally, communication media typically embodies computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. By way of example, communication media includes wired media such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber optics, wave guides, and other wired media and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared, and other wireless media. Such communication media is distinct from, however, processor-readable storage devices described in more detail below.
BFS 107 may include virtually any network device usable to provide resource recommendation services, such as network device 200 of FIG. 2. In one embodiment, BFS 107 employs various techniques to create and display resource recommendations. BFS 107 may include applications for generating cost traces, and predications within a resource recommendation model. Furthermore, BFS 107 may include applications for visualizing the generated costs and recommendations. BFS 107 may also enable the user to perform various what-if analysis and dynamically view differing resource recommendations based in part on user input parameters, and historical usage data.
Devices that may operate as BFS 107 include various network devices, including, but not limited to personal computers, desktop computers, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, server devices, network appliances, or the like. It should be noted that while BFS 107 is illustrated as a single network device, the invention is not so limited. Thus, in another embodiment, BFS 107 may represent a plurality of network devices. For example, in one embodiment, BFS 107 may be distributed over a plurality of network devices and/or implemented using a cloud architecture.
Moreover, BFS 107 is not limited to a particular configuration. Thus, BFS 107 may operate using a master/slave approach over a plurality of network devices, within a cluster, a peer-to-peer architecture, and/or any of a variety of other architectures. Thus, BFS 107 is not to be construed as being limited to a single environment, and other configurations, and architectures are also envisaged. BFS 107 may employ processes such as described below in conjunction with FIGS. 4-22 to perform at least some of its actions.
Cloud services 120 and 130 represent cloud-based service providers that provider for use by a user various instances or resources. While cloud services 120 is illustrated to include resources 121-124, and cloud services 130 is illustrated to include resources 131-133, other implementations are not so constrained. Thus, it should be understood that cloud services 120 and 130 may include many more or less resources than illustrated in FIG. 1. Further resources 121-124 and 131-133 are intended to be representative and not actual reflections of configurations. Thus, a cloud service might include resources that are configured into clusters, are rack components, a virtual machine, a plurality of different computing devices, reside in differing geographic locations around the United States, or other locations, or the like. As noted above, each resource or instance may be defined based on its hardware, software, and physical location. However, other parameters may also be used, including its service level agreement, lease/purchase rate plans, or the like. In some embodiments, a resource might be purchased at once, and billed to the user based on usage plus the purchase fees, while others might be reserved for a period of time, such as one or three years, and billed out based on an effective fee rate that in turn is based on a usage rate and a fixed fee rate schedule.
In one embodiment, cloud services 120 and 130 might be considered to be managed by different service providers; however, in other embodiments, cloud services 120 and 130 might represent services provided over different locations, different arrangements of services, or the like. For example, in one embodiment cloud services might be partitioned based on different service level agreements, different locations, different types of architectures, different security levels, and/or any of a variety of other criteria.
In any event, cloud services 120 and 130, may be configured to provide information about actual usage of resources, as well as various information about the resource, including its configuration and fee rate plans, or the like, to BFS 107, which may then employ the information in part to determine a resource recommendation. In some embodiments, configurations of client devices or other in-house resources, their costs schedules, and the like, might also be sent to BFS 107, so that BFS 107 might consider in-house (or more generally, on-demand) resources as well as outsourced (or more generally, reserved) resource usages (e.g., cloud services) in determining resource recommendations. It should be noted that while FIG. 1 illustrates cloud services, other forms of outsourced services may also be considered, and thus, subject innovations are not constrained to merely considering cloud services.
Moreover, BFS 107 might employ a process such as described below in conjunction with FIG. 4 to perform and provide resource recommendations. Further, BFS 107 might provide graphical interfaces such as described below in conjunction with FIGS. 5-6 for use in managing a set of recommendations for reserving resources, highlighting underused reserved resources, and even providing recommendations for reallocating resources.

Illustrative Client Device

FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of client device 200 that may be included in a system implementing at least one of the various embodiments. Client device 200 may include many more or less components than those shown in FIG. 2. However, the components shown are sufficient to disclose an illustrative embodiment for practicing the present invention. Client device 200 may represent, for example, one embodiment of at least one of client devices 101-104 of FIG. 1. It should be recognized that, as discussed above, client devices may operate as an interface mechanism into a cloud-based service, and/or as a resource that may be managed along with the resources obtained through the cloud-based service.
As shown in the figure, client device 200 includes a central processing unit (“CPU”) 202 in communication with a mass memory 226 via a bus 234. Client device 200 also includes a power supply 228, one or more network interfaces 236, an audio interface 238, a display 240, a keypad 242, and an input/output interface 248. Power supply 228 provides power to client device 200. A rechargeable or non-rechargeable battery may be used to provide power. The power may also be provided by an external power source, such as an AC adapter or a powered docking cradle that supplements and/or recharges a battery.
Client device 200 may optionally communicate with a base station (not shown), or directly with another computing device. Network interface 236 includes circuitry for coupling client device 200 to one or more networks, and is constructed for use with one or more communication protocols and technologies including, but not limited to, global system for mobile communication (“GSM”), code division multiple access (“CDMA”), time division multiple access (“TDMA”), user datagram protocol (“UDP”), transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (“TCP/IP”), short message service (“SMS”), general packet radio service (“GPRS”), WAP, ultra wide band (“UWB”), IEEE 802.16 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (“WiMax”), session initiated protocol/real-time transport protocol (“SIP/RTP”), or any of a variety of other wireless communication protocols. Network interface 236 is sometimes known as a transceiver, transceiving device, or network interface card (“NIC”).
Audio interface 238 is arranged to produce and receive audio signals such as the sound of a human voice. For example, audio interface 238 may be coupled to a speaker and microphone (not shown) to enable telecommunication with others and/or generate an audio acknowledgement for some action. Display 240 may be a liquid crystal display (“LCD”), gas plasma, light emitting diode (“LED”), or any other type of display used with a computing device. Display 240 may also include a touch sensitive screen arranged to receive input from an object such as a stylus or a digit from a human hand.
Keypad 242 may comprise any input device arranged to receive input from a user. For example, keypad 242 may include a push button numeric dial, or a keyboard. Keypad 242 may also include command buttons that are associated with selecting and sending images.
Client device 200 also comprises input/output interface 248 for communicating with external devices, such as a headset, or other input or output devices not shown in FIG. 2. Input/output interface 248 can utilize one or more communication technologies, such as USB, infrared, Bluetooth™, or the like.
Mass memory 226 includes a Random Access Memory (“RAM”) 204, a Read-only Memory (“ROM”) 222, and other storage means. Mass memory 226 illustrates an example of computer readable storage media (devices) for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Mass memory 226 stores a basic input/output system (“BIOS”) 224 for controlling low-level operation of client device 200. The mass memory also stores an operating system 206 for controlling the operation of client device 200. It will be appreciated that this component may include a general-purpose operating system such as a version of UNIX, or LINUX™, or a specialized client communication operating system such as Windows Mobile™, Google Android™, Apple iOS™, or the Symbian® operating system. The operating system may include, or interface with a Java virtual machine module that enables control of hardware components and/or operating system operations via Java application programs.
Mass memory 226 further includes one or more data storage 208, which can be utilized by client device 200 to store, among other things, applications 214 and/or other data. For example, data storage 208 may also be employed to store information that describes various capabilities of client device 200. The information may then be provided to another device based on any of a variety of events, including being sent as part of a header during a communication, sent upon request, or the like. At least a portion of the information may also be stored on a disk drive or other computer-readable storage device (not shown) within client device 200. Data storage 208 may also store various financial data, including reservation data, usage data, and the like, that may reside within a database, text, spreadsheet, folder, file, or the like. Such financial data may also be stored within any of a variety of other computer-readable storage devices, including, but not limited to a hard drive, a portable storage device, or the like, such as illustrated by non-transitory computer-readable storage device 230.
Applications 214 may include computer executable instructions which, when executed by client device 200, transmit, receive, and/or otherwise process network data. Examples of application programs include, but are not limited to calendars, search programs, email clients, IM applications, SMS applications, voice over Internet Protocol (“VOIP”) applications, contact managers, task managers, transcoders, database programs, word processing programs, security applications, spreadsheet programs, games, search programs, and so forth. Applications 214 may include, for example, browser 218 and resource recommendation interface (I/F) 219.
Browser 218 may include virtually any application configured to receive and display graphics, text, multimedia, and the like, employing virtually any web based language. In one embodiment, the browser application is enabled to employ HDML, WML, WMLScript, JavaScript, SGML, HTML, XML, and the like, to display and send a message. However, any of a variety of other web-based languages may be employed. In one embodiment, browser 218 may enable a user of client device 200 to communicate with another network device, such as BFS 107 of FIG. 1. In one embodiment, browser 218 may enable a user to view and/or manipulate resource data, including creating resource recommendations, adding/purchasing/reallocating resources, modifying resource reservation models, rendering visualizations of resource recommendations and related what-ifs, or the like.
In at least one of the various embodiments, a user may employ client device 200 to create and manage IT resource recommendations and to access information stored or otherwise managed through BFS 107. In at least one of the various embodiments, a user may enter various types of data into a resource recommendation system accessible through BFS 107. Also, in at least one of the various embodiments, the user may be enabled to perform a variety of actions on the data, including, queries, comparisons, summations, analysis, or the like. In some embodiments, a user may employ client 200 to create one more resource reservation models.
Resource recommendation I/F (RRI) 219 provides another mechanism for interacting with BFS 107. RRI 219 may operate as a separate application providing and managing communications with BFS 107 over a network and providing for display of user interfaces, including, but not limited to those described below. Thus, in some embodiments, the user might employ browser 218 or RRI 219 to communicate with BFS 107, provide data to BFS 107, and otherwise manage IT resource reservations. It should be noted that while the subject innovations are directed towards managing It resource reservations, other actions might also be performed, including, managing other aspects of IT resources, including budgeting, tracking work flow, up/down times of resources, application usages, back-up management, recovery management, and any of a variety of other IT management activities.

Illustrative Network Device

FIG. 3 shows one embodiment of network device 300 that may be included in a system implementing at least one of the various embodiments. Network device 300 may include many more or less components than those shown. The components shown, however, are sufficient to disclose an illustrative embodiment for practicing the invention. Network device 300 may represent, for example, BFS 107 of FIG. 1.
Network device 300 includes processing unit 312, video display adapter 314, and a mass memory, all in communication with each other via bus 322. The mass memory generally includes RAM 316, ROM 332, and one or more permanent mass storage devices, such as hard disk drive 328, tape drive, optical drive, flash drive, and/or floppy disk drive. The mass memory stores operating system 320 for controlling the operation of network device 300. Any general-purpose operating system may be employed. Basic input/output system (“BIOS”) 318 is also provided for controlling the low-level operation of network device 300. As illustrated in FIG. 3, network device 300 also can communicate with the Internet, or some other communications network, via network interface unit 310, which is constructed for use with various communication protocols including the TCP/IP protocol. Network interface unit 310 is sometimes known as a transceiver, transceiving device, or network interface card (NIC). Network device 300 also includes input/output interface 324 for communicating with external devices, such as a headset, or other input or output devices not shown in FIG. 3. Input/output interface 324 can utilize one or more communication technologies, such as USB, infrared, Bluetooth™, or the like.
The mass memory as described above illustrates another type of processor-readable storage media. Processor-readable storage media (devices) may include volatile, nonvolatile, removable, and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Examples of computer readable storage media include RAM, ROM, Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disks (DVD), Blu-Ray, or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other physical medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by any computing device.
As shown, data stores 354 may include a database, text, spreadsheet, folder, file, or the like, that may be configured to maintain and store various resource recommendation models, resource data, resource usage logs, resource configuration data, service level agreements, cloud-service provider contract data, or the like. Data stores 354 may further include program code, data, algorithms, or the like, for use by a processor, such as central processing unit (CPU) 312 to execute and perform actions. In one embodiment, at least some of data and/or instructions stored in data stores 354 might also be stored on another device of network device 300, including, but not limited to cd-rom/dvd-rom 326, hard disk drive 328, or other computer-readable storage device resident on network device 300 or accessible by network device 300 over, for example, network interface unit 310.
The mass memory also stores program code and data. One or more applications 350 are loaded into mass memory and run on operating system 320. Examples of application programs may include transcoders, schedulers, calendars, database programs, word processing programs, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) programs, customizable user interface programs, IPSec applications, encryption programs, security programs, SMS message servers, IM message servers, email servers, account managers, and so forth. Mass memory may also include web services 356, and resource recommender 357.
Web services 356 represent any of a variety of services that are configured to provide content, over a network to another computing device. Thus, web services 356 include for example, a web server, a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server, a database server, a content server, or the like. Web services 356 may provide the content over the network using any of a variety of formats, including, but not limited to WAP, HDML, WML, SGML, HTML, XML, compact HTML (cHTML), extensible (xHTML), or the like.
In one embodiment, web services 356 may provide an interface for accessing and manipulating data in a data store, such as data stores 354, or the like. In another embodiment, web services 356 may provide for interacting with resource recommender 357 that may enable a user to access and/or otherwise manage resource reservations, and/or other IT management related actions.
In at least one of the various embodiments, resource recommender 357 may enable users to generate financial resource recommendation models, establish what-if scenarios, display graphic plots for reserving resources, determine underused, including unused, resources, or the like. Resource recommender 357 may be configured in one embodiment, to employ a process such as described below in conjunction with FIG. 4 to perforin at least some of its actions. Further resource recommender 357 may provide various user interfaces including those discussed below in conjunction with FIGS. 5-6.

Generalized Operation

The operation of certain aspects of the invention will now be described with respect to FIGS. 4-6. The operations of the processes described below may, in one embodiment, be performed within BFS 107 of FIG. 1, and/or displayed at one or more screens within one or more client devices 101-104 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 illustrates a logical flow diagram showing one embodiment of a process 400 usable to manage and display recommendations for reserving IT resources, such as cloud IT resources, in-house resources, on-demand resources, reserved resourced, and the like.
In one embodiment, a user may select to initially arrange for usage of various IT resources directly through one or more cloud service providers. During this initial stage, the user might contract for initial use of various resources, reserve the resources based on various terms of use, including agreements over a six month, one year, two year, three year, or other time period. Moreover, it should be understood, that the user may select to manage IT resources from a plurality of different cloud service providers, manage in-house (or on-demand) resources, and/or manage IT resources obtained from other than cloud service providers and/or other reservation type service providers.
While such actions may be performed prior to beginning process 400, in other embodiments, initial contracting for services might be performed within process 400, such as at step 402. Thus, process 400 begins, after a start block, at block 402, where the user may negotiate initial IT resource (instance) purchases, reservations, contracts, and the like. In one embodiment, block 402 might be performed using interfaces provided by BFS 107; however, as noted above, block 402 might be performed independent of use of BFS 107, as suggested by dashed block 402.
In any event, proceeding to block 404, the user may establish an account for reservation management services through BFS 107, and provide information about resources (instances) to be managed, including, cloud services, in-house services, and the like. In one embodiment, resource information might be input automatically through a request by BFS 107 to a cloud service provider, on behalf of the user. In other embodiments, an interface might be established with a user's computing device to enable access to various data about the resources. In still another embodiment, the user might directly input data about resources to be tracked and managed by BFS 107.
Initially, the user may be provided with an interface illustrating a list of resources that are to be managed by BFS 107, where the list might provide an ability for the user to view details about a configuration of the resource, a location of the resource, a service level agreement for the resource, uptime/downtime information about the resource, and a variety of other information about the resource.
Proceeding to block 406, resources identified within BFS 107 are then tracked for usage by the user and/or the user's business. In one embodiment, the usage data might be directly sent by the in-house (or on-demand), cloud services (or reservation services), or the like, using any of a variety of mechanisms. For example, an agreement might be established that the tracked resources automatically provide usage data to BFS 107 based on regular schedules, based on queries by BFS 107, and/or a combination of events, conditions, or the like. Such usage data may include any changes in a configuration of a resource, as well as loads on the resource, up/down times of the resources, a cost of the resource, and any of a variety of other related information.
At least some of the tracked data may be used to make predictions on future usage of a resource, determine when to move an in-house resource usage to a cloud resource (or the reverse), determine when to purchase additional resources, release a resource, re-allocate a resource usage, or the like. In some embodiments, tracked data for a defined prior period of time may be used to make recommendations. For example, a three month prior period of time might be used to determine recommendations. However, in other embodiments, tracked data may be used based on various models, including, error covariance models, learning models, or the like, where historical data may be consolidated into various parameters of the model over virtually any time period.
At any time that the user wishes to perforin recommendations analysis, process 400 moves to block 408. This may occur, for example, when the user selects an interface into resource recommender 357 of network device 300 of FIG. 3.
Processing then flows to block 410, where recommendations are dynamically displayed to the user. One such non-limiting, non-exhaustive interface is discussed in more detail below in conjunction with FIG. 5. Briefly, however, the user may be provided with various strategy interfaces.
At decision block 412, the user might select to modify various user input parameters or assumptions useable to determine resource recommendations. For example, the user might be able to vary a time frame in which the resources are to be committed to by the user, vary an upfront cost parameter, and/or vary a number of recommended resources to be reserved, or the like. The user may further update various resources to be considered, their configurations, contracts, or the like.
If the user selects to modify any assumptions, input parameters, or the like, processing flows to block 414, where, based on the tracked data, and the user input assumptions, the changes may be used to perform an updated analysis. Then, flowing to block 410, the results are dynamically displayed to the user to indicate changes in the recommendations for reserving resources. As the user varies input parameters, the user may automatically and dynamically view how the changes affect the resulting recommendations (by cycling through blocks 410, 412, and 414). Thus, at least in part, the user may dynamically perform a variety of ‘what-if’ analysis to determine an optimum resource recommendation given the constraints provided by the user, the resource providers, and/or the tracked data.
When the user selects to accept the recommendations (at decision block 412, by no longer modifying inputs) processing flows to block 416. At block 416, the user may take one or more actions based on the recommendations. In one embodiment, this might include selecting a time period within the forecast display of FIG. 5. This action may then result in a display of actions to be taken. One non-limiting, non-exhaustive embodiment of such a display is described in more detail below in conjunction with FIG. 6. The user may then make purchases, release resources, renegotiate contracts for resources, reallocate resource usages, or the like. In one embodiment, such actions might be performed outside of process 400 (as indicated by the dashed block 416), or be performed through another interface provided by BFS 107.
Processing continues to decision block 418, where a determination is made whether to continue to manage tracking and recommending resource reservations, or to terminate the process. If the process is to continue, then the flow may return to block 406. However, in other embodiments, the flow might return to block 404, where additional changes to the resources might be performed by the user, including adding new resources, deleting one or more resources, or the like. Should it be determined that process 400 is to terminate, then flow may return to a calling process to perform other actions.
It will be understood that each component of the illustrations, and combinations of components in these illustrations, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These program instructions may be provided to a processor to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute on the processor, create means for implementing the actions specified in the flow component or components. The computer program instructions may be executed by a processor to cause a series of operational steps to be performed by the processor to produce a computer-implemented process such that the instructions, which execute on the processor to provide steps for implementing the actions specified in the flow component or components. The computer program instructions may also cause at least some of the operational steps shown in the components of the flows to be performed in parallel. Moreover, some of the steps may also be performed across more than one processor, such as might arise in a multi-processor computer system. In addition, one or more components or combinations of components in the flow illustrations may also be performed concurrently with other components or combinations of components, or even in a different sequence than illustrated.
Accordingly, components of the flow illustrations support combinations of means for performing the specified actions, combinations of steps for performing the specified actions and program instruction means for performing the specified actions. It will also be understood that each component of the flow illustrations, and combinations of components in the flow illustrations, can be implemented by special purpose hardware based systems, which perform the specified actions or steps, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.

Non-Limiting, Non-Exhaustive Example User Interfaces

The following provides examples of user interfaces usable in conjunction with process 400 of FIG. 4 to enable a user to manage resource recommendations. It should be noted that other interfaces may also be provided. Moreover, it should be noted that the interfaces illustrated in FIGS. 5-6 discussed below may include more or less components that shown. In addition, not all the components may be required to practice various embodiments, and variations in the arrangement and type of the components may be made.
As shown, however, FIGS. 5-6 illustrate non-limiting, non-exhaustive examples of interfaces for managing and displaying IT resource reservations. As shown in FIG. 5, for example, is a display 500 that provides one portion 502 usable for the user to modify various assumptions, and/or parameters used to determine resource reservations.
For example, the user might be able to modify what time frame for which the user might wish to commit to for reserving resources, as shown in portion 502, labeled 1. The displayed time frame might be specific to a given cloud service provider. Thus, while illustrated in FIG. 5 to provide up to three years, other time frames might be provided instead. Briefly, this time frame allows the user to determine the time period over which they wish to make purchases, allowing the user to select immediate purchases, all at once, or to make purchases over the course of the contract. Also illustrated, labeled 2, the user might provide an input indicating how much the user wishes to pay upfront, or at a beginning of a contract period. In one embodiment, the user might be able to input a specific value, or a generic parameter, such as low/medium/high, or the like. Input, labeled 3 in FIG. 5, allows the user to modify resource recommendations from an initial computed recommendation, to some value less than the recommended amount of resources. As illustrated, the recommended value is 15 resources, for which the user might select the recommended value or some value less.
As shown in the lower portion 503, of display 500 provides an immediate and dynamically changing resource recommendation chart over time. Portion 503 may dynamically change based on changes in inputs, assumptions, or the like, by the user. Thus, should the user change any of the input assumptions in portion 502, they may immediately (or as quickly as reasonable given network connections, or the like) view the impact to the recommendations.
As shown in portion 503, are lines 510, 512, 514, and 516. Line 510 is directed towards illustrating over time a costing forecast based on no reserved instances. Line 512 is directed towards illustrating over time a costing forecast that is based on the recommended number of instances. Line 514 illustrates a costing flow over time should the user select to take no actions, including purchases, re-allocations, or the like, while line 516 illustrates costing flow over time should the user follow the recommendations for reserving and/or otherwise managing resources provided by process 400 of FIG. 4. As illustrated in the lower portion 502, the user may quickly see a cost difference between the actions the user may take or not take. By varying assumptions, and/or other inputs, including taking none, some, or all of the recommendations, the lower portion 503 can dynamically update and reflect changes to the recommendations.
As discussed above, the recommendations are in part based on historical usage data, service level agreements, contracts, resource configurations, and the like. Thus, when the user selects to turn on/off a resource, use a resource for some time, allow the resource to sit idle or off, and perform a variety of other actions, such factors are considered in determining the changes to the recommendations.
In one embodiment, the historical data used might be constrained to using a particular time window of prior time. For example, in some embodiments, the time window of prior time might be between one to four months. However, other time periods might be used. In some determinations of recommendations, it might be determined that a prior usage reflects a predicted future usage over a remaining portion of the contract for a resource. Thus, in one embodiment, if it is determined that historical usage of the resource is at 80% over the prior time period, then it might be assumed that the future usage will also be at 80% for the remaining time period on the contract. However, other models might be used, including, but not limited to using a mode, median, or other statistical parameter from the prior time period, to predict future usage.
Further, in some embodiments, a comparison might be made between a predicted usage and an actual usage of a resource. The comparison might then be used to generate various errors covariance values, or the like, usable to improve future estimates for recommendations. For example, various machine learning models, or the like, might be used that take into account trends in usage, peak usages, or the like.
Moreover, various recommendation models take into account fixed fees and variable fees for a resource, to improve recommendations. Recommendations may be provided for a given cloud service provider's resources, or be determined across a plurality of cloud service providers. For example, recommendations may be provided on how to manage resources for a given cloud service provider, independent of resources of other providers. However, in other embodiments, recommendations may be provided to the user across a plurality of sources of resources, including recommendations that take into account costing differences between providers, and outsourced resources and in-house resources, as well as to assist in deciding when an actual trade-off between paying as one goes and reservations might occur. In this manner, the user may have an improved visibility of total costs for IT resource reservations. In some embodiments, the user might conduct what-if analysis for comparing using in-house resources versus outsourcing, by inputting different assumptions in portion 502 of FIG. 5, in addition to those illustrated.
In one embodiment, the user may further select a time within lower portion 503 in which to expand display of the recommendations. As illustrated in FIG. 5, a selector bar 520 might be provided to enable the user to select a time period to expand upon. However, other mechanisms might be provided, including a button input sequence or combination, an icon selection, a window for inputting a time period, or the like.
In any event, selection of a time period to expand recommendation display may result in a display interface, such as illustrated in FIG. 6. FIG. 6 is one non-limiting, non-exhaustive example, of a user interface 600 usable for providing a purchase listing for a selected time period. As shown, interface 600 may include purchase list 602 and non-usage list 604.
Purchase list 602 provides a recommendation listing of resources that the user might select to purchase or otherwise reserve for the given time period based on recommendations provided through FIG. 5. Also illustrated, in non-usage list 604 that provides to the user a listing, when such condition exists, of resources that are determined to be unused, or otherwise used at a level below some threshold value. The user may then select to release these resources, or otherwise reallocate usage to these resources. The non-usage list 604 is generated in part based on purchase list 602. Thus, reallocation of a non-used or underutilized resource is not expected to immediately change the purchase list contents. However, the list and the recommendations may change over time for future recommendations. In any event, the user is provided with numerous integrated and dynamic recommendations, and interfaces for managing their IT resources, and thereby enabling the user to improve usage of their IT budgets.
For example, using the above subject innovations, the user will be able to determine when to employ on-demand resources versus reserved resources, or on-demand resources versus an in-house service that might, for example, have been purchases (with upfront fees) and incurs on-going fees from such as maintenance, power, network, physical space over time, or the like.
As an additional example, FIG. 7 illustrates one non-limiting, non-exhaustive example of data analysis useable to calculate reserved resources for a single resource type. In a complete analysis as performed in block 408 of FIG. 4 many resources types would be analyzed in parallel and summarized for use as in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6. It should be understood that, as discussed above, other approaches may be used, as well as other algorithms. Thus, the following example is not to be construed as limiting or otherwise constraining the subject innovations discussed herein.
In some embodiments, the approach discussed in conjunction with FIG. 7 may be performed within at least block 408 of FIG. 4. However, prior to performing calculations, tracking and collecting historical usage data over some time period is performed, such as is described above at block 406 of FIG. 4. Then, a 4 phase calculation would take place to determine the optimal recommendation. In phase 1, a calculation is performed for on-demand, or cloud usage per unit of time. Referring briefly to FIG. 7, chart 700-1 represents one embodiment for displaying of tracked usage data over time. The unit of time may be defined as virtually any time unit, including hours, other portions of a day, days, weeks, or so forth. The units of resources used may represent discrete resources, or bundled resources. Each unit of time is treated as a bucket and 1 unit is added to the bucket for any resource used during the time period. The result seen in chart 700-1 is a histogram of units used in each time. Once data has been collected for a given previous period of time, the results are used to predict future resource usage. In some embodiments, the data is used to project future resource usage in a time period by assuming it is identical to that of the previous time period data has been collected for. However, as discussed above, other prediction algorithms may be used, including those that take into consideration trends in resource usage, identifying temporary peak usages, or the like.
In chart 700-2, each bucket from chart 700-1 is then sorted from the largest bucket to smallest by unit of time (e.g. hour). Chart 700-2 illustrates one possible display showing rank sorted units for each time period.
In phase two, a calculation is performed to determine a “trade-off percentage” of a given reservation period. This represents the percentage of a time in a period when it costs less to purchase a reservation when cost is amortized over the entire period rather than when using on-demand resources. While a variety of equations may be employed, one such example equation might be:
Trade-off percentage=[U+(RR*TL)]/(ODR*TL)
where U represents an upfront cost; RR represents a reserved rate; TL represents a time of reservation; and ODR represents an on-demand rate. Once we have the trade-off percentage, it can be used to calculate a specific number of hours a resource is to be allocated in a time period before it costs less to purchase a reservation when the cost is amortized over the same period. This can be calculated, in one embodiment, using the following equation:
Trade-off Hours=Trade-off percentage*TL
In phase 3, using the results from phases 1 and 2, optimal resources to purchase for a given time may be determined. Chart 700-3 illustrates one embodiment of a display showing a result for determining a trade-off point (e.g., trade-off hour). Once the time bucket is selected using the calculated trade-off hour, that bucket's unit value is then definable, in one embodiment, as the optimal number of resources of the type in question to purchase in the next time period. This is because the number of resources in that bucket represents the number of resources where it is more cost effective to purchase reserved resources over using on-demand resources.
Chart 700-4 shows how once the optimal number of resource reservations has been selected one could allocate resources over a time period. The number of reserved resources would cover all resources during normal operation while on-demand resources would handle resources above the optimal number of resource reservations.
By using phases 1-4 on every type of resource a list of optimal reservation purchases can be obtained and summarized. FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 display how one may visualize the spread of these purchases across a time period. Purchasing resources over time then may reduce the upfront costs associated with purchasing a large number of reservations at once. This also may lower the risk of purchasing many long term reservations by temporarily using on-demand resources for a time even if it's cost-optimal to buy reserved resources. One algorithm to achieve this would be evenly spreading the number of reservations purchased over an entire time period. Others may also be used, as discussed above. In FIG. 5 the recommended costs line is the sum of on-demand rates, upfront-fees and reserved rates for all current resources given recommended purchases and the time the purchase has been recommended in.
The above specification, examples, and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the composition of the invention. Since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended.

Claims

1. A method operating on a network device to perform actions, comprising:

identifying a plurality of resources each of which are configured to be reserved for use over time, and having at least a variable rate fee over time;

tracking usage of each of the plurality of resources over time;

determining a trade-off percentage of a reservation period for each of the plurality of resources based on the tracked usage, wherein the trade-off percentage represents a time in the reservation period when a cost of purchasing reserved resources is less than using on-demand resources when amortized over the reservation period;

dynamically computing, by one or more hardware processors, based on the determined trade-off percentage and the tracked usage for each of the plurality of resources and the variable rate fee over time, a recommendation for reserving usage over a given time period for each of the plurality of resources; and

dynamically displaying a recommended reservation plan for the given time period for each of the plurality of resources.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein dynamically computing the recommendation further comprises if a user selects at least one action regarding at least one resource, changing the recommendation based on at least one of historical usage data, a service level agreement, a contract, or a configuration of the at least one resource.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the variable rate fee over time for a resource includes at least a fixed rate fee, based on a contract purchase period, and wherein the variable rate fee is based in part on an actual usage of the resource.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein dynamically computing the recommendation further comprises:

receiving at least one input assumption change about at least one resource;

dynamically modifying recommendation for reserving the plurality of resources based in part on the input assumption change; and

dynamically displaying a graphical image of resource forecasts for the plurality of resources, the resource forecasts including at least a first graph over time of costs until action is taken for reserving a resource, and a second graph over time of costs if the modified recommendation is followed for reserving the plurality of resources.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein dynamically displaying the recommended reservation plan further comprises displaying for a selected time period, a reservation or a purchase list for the selected time period, and when at least one resource is determined to be used at a level below a threshold, further displaying a listing that includes the at least one resource that is used below the threshold.

6. A system, comprising:

a plurality of information technology (IT) resources each of which are configured to be reserved for use over time and having at least a variable rate fee over time; and

a processor that performs actions, including:

tracking usage of each of the plurality of information technology resources over time;

determining a trade-off percentage of a reservation period for each of the plurality of information technology resources based on the tracked usage, wherein the trade-off percentage represents a time in the reservation period when a cost of purchasing reserved resources is less than using on-demand resources when amortized over the reservation period;

dynamically computing, based on the determined trade-off percentage and the tracked usage for each of the plurality of information technology resources and the variable rate fee over time, a recommendation for reserving usage over a given time period for each of the plurality of information technology resources; and

dynamically displaying a recommended reservation plan for the given time period for each of the plurality of information technology resources.

7. The system of claim 6, wherein dynamically computing the recommendation further comprises if a user selects at least one action regarding at least one information technology resource, changing the recommendation based on at least one of historical usage data, a service level agreement, a contract, or a configuration of the at least one information technology resource.

8. The system of claim 6, wherein the variable rate fee over time for an information technology resource includes at least a fixed rate fee, based on a contract purchase period, and wherein the variable rate fee is based in part on an actual usage of the information technology resource.

9. The system of claim 6, wherein dynamically computing the recommendation further comprises:

receiving at least one input assumption change about at least one information technology resource;

dynamically modifying the recommendation for reserving the plurality of information technology resources based in part on the input assumption change; and

dynamically displaying a graphical image of resource forecasts for the plurality of information technology resources, the resource forecasts including at least a first graph over time of costs until action is taken for reserving an information technology resource, and a second graph over time of costs if the modified recommendation is followed for reserving the plurality of information technology resources.

10. The system of claim 6, wherein dynamically displaying the recommended reservation plan further comprises displaying for a selected time period, a reservation or a purchase list for the selected time period, and when at least one information technology resource is determined to be used at a level below a threshold, further displaying a listing that includes the at least one information technology resource that is used below the threshold.

11. A network device, comprising:

a memory that is operative to store at least instructions; and

a processor device that is operative to execute instructions that enable actions, including:

tracking usage of each of the plurality of resources over time;

dynamically computing based on the determined trade-off percentage and the tracked usage for each of the plurality of resources and the variable rate fee over time, a recommendation for reserving usage over a given time period for each of the plurality of resources; and

12. The network device of claim 11, wherein at least one resource of the plurality of resources is an outsourced resource and at least one other resource of the plurality of resources is an in-house resource, and dynamically displaying the recommended reservation plan further comprises providing at least one other recommendation about moving at least one in-house resource use to an outsourced resource use, or at least one outsourced resource use to an in-house resource use.

13. The network device of claim 11, wherein the variable rate fee over time for a resource includes at least a fixed rate fee, based on a contract purchase period, and wherein the variable rate fee is based in part on an actual usage of the resource.

14. The network device of claim 11, wherein dynamically computing the recommendation further comprises:

receiving at least one input assumption change about at least one resource;

dynamically modifying the recommendation for reserving the plurality of resources based in part on the input assumption change; and

15. The network device of claim 11, wherein dynamically displaying the recommended reservation plan further comprises displaying for a selected time period, a reservation or a purchase list for the selected time period, and when at least one resource is determined to be used at a level below a threshold, further displaying a listing that includes the at least one resource that is used below the threshold.

16. A processor readable non-transitive storage media that includes instructions stored thereon, wherein execution of the instructions by a processor device enables actions, comprising:

identifying a plurality of resources each of which are configured to be reserved for use over time, and having at least an effective rate fee that includes a variable rate fee component and a fixed rate fee over time;

tracking usage of each of the plurality of resources over time;

dynamically computing based on the determined trade-off percentage and the tracked usage for each of the plurality of resources and the effective rate fee over time, a recommendation for reserving usage over a given time period for each of the plurality of resources; and

17. The media of claim 16, wherein dynamically computing the recommendation further comprises:

receiving at least one input assumption change about at least one resource;

18. The media of claim 16, wherein dynamically displaying the recommended reservation plan further comprises displaying for a selected time period, a reservation or a purchase list for the selected time period, and when at least one resource is determined to be used at a level below a threshold, further displaying a listing that includes the at least one resource that is used below the threshold.

19. The media of claim 16, wherein at least one resource is an on-demand resource and at least one other resource is an reserved resource, and dynamically displaying the recommended reservation plan further comprises providing at least one other recommendation about moving at least one reserved resource use to an on-demand resource use, or at least one on-demand resource use to an reserved resource use.

20. The media of claim 16, wherein dynamically computing the recommendation further comprises if a user selects at least one action regarding at least one resource, changing the recommendation based on at least one of historical usage data, a service level agreement, a contract, or a configuration of the at least one resource.